When younger members of the band took part in raiding parties, European Americans blamed the entire band for the incidents and casualties. But, he did not command absolute authority over members of his band and the European Americans did not understand this. Historians believe that Chief Black Kettle, head of the band, was not part of the war party but the peace party within the Cheyenne nation. There are conflicting claims as to whether the band was hostile or friendly. Custer claimed Cheyenne "warriors" and an unspecified number of women and children killed whereas different Cheyenne informants named between 11 and 18 men mostly 10 Cheyenne, 2 Arapaho, 1 Mexican trader and between 17 and 25 women and children killed in the village. He left the large camp and returned with 80 lodges of his tribesmen to the Arkansas River, where he intended to seek peace with the US.Īlthough his band was camped on a defined reservation, complying with the government's orders, some of its members had been linked to raiding into Kansas by bands operating out of the Indian Territory. Black Kettle continued to desire peace and did not join in the second raid or in the plan to go north to the Powder River country. They captured much loot and killed many European Americans. The Indians made numerous raids along the South Platte, both east and west of Julesburg, and raided the fort again in early February. In January, they planned and carried out an attack with about warriors on Camp Rankin, a stage station and fort at Julesburg. There warriors smoked the war pipe, passing it from camp to camp among the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho. The survivors fled northeast and joined the camps of the Cheyenne on the Smokey Hill and Republican rivers. The Sand Creek massacre, as it came to be known, resulted in the death of between and Cheyenne, mostly unarmed women and children. The Army closed the road from August 15 until September 24, On November 29,, the Colorado Militia attacked a Cheyenne and Arapaho encampment under Chief Black Kettle, although it flew a flag of truce and indicated its allegiance to the US government. General warfare broke out and Indians made many raids on the trail along the South Platte, which Denver depended on for supplies. They killed any Indian on sight and initiated the Colorado War.
US negotiations with Black Kettle and other Cheyenne favoring peace resulted in the Treaty of Fort Wise : it established a small reservation for the Cheyenne in southeastern Colorado in exchange for the territory agreed to in the Fort Laramie Treaty of Many Cheyenne did not sign the treaty, and they continued to live and hunt on their traditional grounds in the Smokey Hill and Republican basins, between the Arkansas and the South Platte, where there were plentiful buffalo.Įfforts to make a wider peace continued, but in the spring of, John Evans, governor of Colorado Territory, and John Chivington, commander of the Colorado Volunteers, a citizens militia, began a series of attacks on Indians camping or hunting on the plains. The only conflicts were related to the endemic warfare between the Cheyenne and Arapaho of the plains and the Utes of the mountains.
For several years there was peace between settlers and Indians. Travel greatly increased along the Emigrant Trail along the South Platte River and some emigrants stopped before going on to California. In the fall, the Northern Cheyenne returned to their country north of the Platte. The Cheyenne moved below the Arkansas into Kiowa and Comanche country. He intended further punitive actions, but the Army ordered him to Utah because of an outbreak of trouble with the Mormons this would be known as the Utah War. To punish the Cheyenne, he distributed their annuities to the Arapaho. Mask Us Anything It seems easy: Wear a mask. This Workout Builds Multidirectional Strength This total-body program challenges your muscles to work in ways you might not be accustomed to. Better than rentmen, rent boys, male escorts or gay massage
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